About 'mutual fund prices'|Historical Mutual Fund Prices Related Resource
When you sell, exchange, or redeem shares in a mutual fund, you generally have a taxable gain or loss. Mutual fund shares are treated as a capital asset for U.S. federal income tax purposes, therefore any gain or loss would normally be reported on Schedule D of Form 1040 when you file your annual income tax return. The gain or loss is calculated as the difference between your adjusted basis in the mutual fund shares and the amount you realize on the sale, exchange, or redemption. A sale is the transfer of mutual fund shares for money, an exchange is the transfer of shares in return for other shares, and a redemption is when the mutual fund reacquires its shares from you in exchange for money or other shares. In all three cases, you should keep the confirmation statement you receive. This statement indicates the price you received and other information for reporting the gain or loss on your tax return. After the end of the year, the mutual fund or broker should send you a Form 1099-B reporting the proceeds from sales, exchanges and redemptions during the year. This form is also sent to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). Amount Realized The amount realized on the sale or transfer of mutual fund shares is the total money and the value of any property you receive, minus your expenses of sale, such as sales commissions, sales charges, exit fees, or redemption fees. Adjusted Basis The adjusted basis of your mutual fund shares is the original basis, which depends on how you acquired them, plus or minus adjustments for certain events that occur after you originally acquire the shares. Original Basis The original basis depends on whether you purchased the shares, acquired them by reinvestment, by gift or inheritance. Purchase When you purchase mutual fund shares, their original basis is their cost or purchase price, plus any commissions or load charges you paid for the purchase. These commissions or load charges are not deductible, but rather are recovered as part of the basis when you sell, exchange or redeem the shares. Reinvestment When you acquire additional mutual fund shares by reinvesting the distributions you receive, the original basis of the new shares you acquire is the amount of distributions used to acquire them. Gift The original basis of mutual fund shares acquired as a gift depends on the donor's adjusted basis, the date of the gift, the fair market value on the date of the gift, and any gift taxes that were paid. The fair market value is the last quoted public redemption price. When the fair market value of the shares on the date of the gift is less than the donor's adjusted basis, you would use the donor's adjusted basis for calculating any gain on a subsequent sale or other disposition of the shares. And you would use the fair market value on the date you received the shares for calculating any loss on a subsequent sale or other disposition. This means that if you later sell or dispose of the shares and realize a value that is somewhere between the donor's adjusted basis and the fair market value, you would have neither a gain nor a loss on that transaction for tax purposes. If the fair market value on the date of the gift is equal to or greater than the donor's adjusted basis, your adjusted basis is the donor's adjusted basis at the time of the gift plus the applicable gift tax paid. Inheritance When you inherit mutual fund shares, your original basis is generally their fair market value on the date of the decedent's death, or on the alternate valuation date chosen by the administrator for estate tax purposes. However, a different rule applies if you gave the decedent the mutual fund shares within one year prior to his or her death. In this case, your original basis of the shares you acquired by inheritance from the decedent would be the decedent's adjusted basis. Adjustments to Basis You increase your basis by the difference between any undistributed capital gains and the tax that is considered to have been paid by you on those gains. Undistributed capital gains are reported in box 1a of Form 2439, and the tax paid by the mutual fund is reported in box 2. You decrease your basis by any distributions you receive from the fund that are not dividends. These distributions are reported in box 3 of Form 1099-DIV. Identifying the Mutual Fund Shares Sold When you sell, exchange or otherwise dispose of mutual fund shares that you acquired at different times and at different prices, you will need to identify the shares that were disposed of, and their adjusted basis. To do this, you can use either a cost basis or an average basis to calculate your gain or loss. Cost Basis If you elect to use the cost basis, you can either: • Specifically identify the cost of the shares, or • Use the first-in-first-out method. When you use the specific identification method, you have to specify to your broker or agent which shares you are selling or transferring, and must receive written confirmation from your broker or agent. And you will need records to prove your basis in the shares you have identified. Under the first-in-first-out method, when you sell or transfer shares acquired at different times and at different prices, you consider that the oldest shares are sold or transferred first, and you use the adjusted basis of the shares in the order in which they were acquired in order to calculate the gain or loss. You will need to keep records showing the original basis and adjustments to that basis for each group of shares acquired, until all shares acquired at each given time are completely disposed of. Average Basis You can use the average basis only if you acquired shares at different times and at different prices, and left the shares in an account handled by a custodian or agent. Once you choose to use an average basis, you have to continue using it for all shares in the same fund, but you could use the cost basis for shares in another fund. There are two methods that can be used to determine the average basis of the shares: • Single category method and • Double category method. Single Category Method The basis of the shares sold or transferred using the single category method is calculated as follows: • Total adjusted basis of all the shares you own in the fund just before the sale or transfer • Divided by the total number of shares you held in the fund • Equals the average basis of each share • Times the number of shares sold or transferred • Equals the adjusted basis of those shares for determining gain or loss. After the sale or transfer, the average adjusted basis of the remaining shares stays the same until you acquire additional shares. At that time you would have to recalculate the average basis, taking into account the cost or other basis of the new shares you acquire. Holding Period Even when you use an average method to determine the basis of the shares sold or exchanged, you will still need to keep track of the acquisition dates to determine whether the gain or loss is long term or short term. When you use the average method, the shares sold or exchanged are considered to be those acquired first. Double Category Method The double category method takes into account the holding period by separating shares into short term and long term categories, based on when they were acquired. The basis of each share in a category is the total adjusted basis of all shares in that category divided by the number of shares in that category. When you use this method, you have to specify to your broker or agent the category from which you are selling the shares, and the broker or agent must send you a written confirmation. If you do not make this specification, or do not receive confirmation, for tax purposes it is presumed that the sale or exchange is charged against the long-term category first, and if used up, any remaining shares involved in the sale or exchange are charged against the short-term category. After shares have been held over a year, they must be transferred from the short-term to the long-term category. The basis at which the shares are transferred is their cost or other original basis to you, depending on how they were acquired. But if some of the shares in the short-term category have been disposed of, the basis of the shares transferred to the long-term category is the average basis of the shares remaining in the short-term category after the most recent disposal. Example • On January 15, 2005, you purchased 200 shares of Fund X at $8 a share, for a total cost of $1,600. • On September 30, 2005, you purchased an additional 100 shares of the same fund at $7 a share, for a total of $700. • On October 10, 2005 you reinvested a dividend of $75 acquiring 10 additional shares. • On February 2, 2006, you sell 250 shares at $9 a share, realizing a total of $2,250. Cost Basis (FIFO): • Of the 250 shares you sold on February 2, 2006, 200 shares are valued at their cost of $8 a share on January 15, 2005, for a total of $1,600. • The other 50 shares come from the shares you purchased for $7 a share on September 30, 2005, for a total cost of $350. • Your total basis is $1,950 ($1,600 + $350). • Your gain on the sale is $300 ($2,250 realized - $1,950 basis). • Of this gain, $200 would be long-term (200 shares sold at $9 minus basis of $8 per share). • The remaining gain of $100 would be short-term (50 shares sold at $8 minus basis of $7 per share). Average Basis - Single Category: • The basis of the shares is the total of $2,375 invested in the fund ($1,600 + $700 + $75) divided by the 310 total shares (200 + 100 + 10) equals an average basis of $7.66. • The total basis of the 250 shares sold on February 2, 2006 is $1,915 (250 shares x $7.66 average basis). • Your gain on the sale is $335 ($2,250 realized - $1,915 basis). • Of this gain, $268 would be long-term (200 shares sold at $9 minus average basis of $7.66 = $1,800 - $1,532). • The remaining gain of $67 would be short-term (50 shares sold at $9 minus average basis of $7.66 per share = $450 - $383). Average Basis - Double Category: • The basis of the shares in the long-term category, just before the sale, is the total of $1,600 divided by the 200 total shares, equal to $8 per share. • The basis of the shares in the short-term category is the total of $775 invested ($700 + $75) divided by the 110 total shares (100 + 10) equals an average basis of $7.05. • Your long-term gain on the sale is $200 (200 shares sold at $9 minus average basis of $8 in the long-term category). • Your short-term gain on the sale is $97.50 (50 shares sold at $9 minus average basis of $7.05 in the short-term category = $450 - $352.50). |
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